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Electron is the earliest elementary particle discovered. It is negatively charged and has an electric charge of 1.602176634×10-19 coulombs. It is the smallest unit of electric charge. It was discovered in 1897 by British physicist Joseph John Thomson while studying cathode rays. All atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus and a number of electrons orbiting it. The directional movement of electric charges creates an electric current, such as in a metal wire. Using electric and magnetic fields, the movement of electrons (in solids and vacuum) can be controlled as required, so as to manufacture various electronic instruments and components, such as various electron tubes, electron microscopes, etc. The wave nature of electrons was confirmed by crystal diffraction experiments in 1927.